Broodstock conditioning of the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata,Lamarck, 1819): influence of different diets

The Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata shows great potential in oyster farming. The conservation of pure populations of this species is important for production diversification and biodiversity preservation. In this way, the zootechnological development for seed hatchery production is extremely important. Broodstock conditioning is a key step in the process of rearing bivalves in a hatchery. Many factors regulate the reproductive cycle, being food one of the most important ones. To evaluate the effect of different diets on C. angulata reproductive performance, broodstock were conditioned with different food regimes formulated fundamentally by flagellates (Diet 1 – Pavlova lutheri and Isochrysis galbana clone T‐ISO; Diet 2 – P. lutheri, T‐ISO and Skeletonema costatum) and constituted fundamentally by diatoms (Diet 3 – S. costatum and Chaetoceros calcitrans; Diet 4 – P. lutheri, S. costatum and C. calcitrans). During conditioning, samples of oysters were collected to evaluate condition index, gonadal development and biochemical composition. At the end of the conditioning period, oysters were induced to spawn to evaluate reproductive output (fecundity, fertilization rate and D‐larvae development). The diets had an impact on the gametogenesis process, energy storage and reproductive output performance, being the best results those obtained in broodstock fed with the diatoms‐predominant diets. However, those fed with diets majority flagellates had an unsuccessful performance. Holistic approaches incorporating all results in this study reveal and reinforce the idea that the diatom species used presented the nutritional requirements to C. angulata broodstock, being essential in the conditioning phase.     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮素减排的影响研究

试验旨在研究饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮排泄量的影响,采用单因子完全随机设计,将144头平均体重30 kg左右的杜长大三元杂种生长母猪分成3组,每组设6个重复,每个重复8头猪,对照组饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为18.10%的普通饲粮,试验1组、试验2组分别饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为16.08%和14.12%的氨基酸平衡饲粮。试验期37 d,前7 d为预试期,正试期30 d。结果显示,3组日采食量、日增重、料重比指标均没有显著差异(P0.05),而日氮素总排泄量试验1组、试验2组分别比对照组减少18.69%、38.68%,3组之间差异均显著(P0.05),且试验1组、试验2组猪每增重1 kg所需要的饲料成本分别较对照组节省0.11和0.23元。综合考虑,生长猪饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮,可以作为实现养殖效益与环保双赢的主要技术措施予以推广。     

A physiological and biochemical approach to selecting the ideal diet for Ostrea edulis (L.) broodstock conditioning (part A)

To select the best microalgae for Ostrea edulis conditioning, four single species diets were fed to batches of broodstock, which were then compared using physiological and biochemical approaches. Ingestion and absorption were first studied, showing that Chaetoceros gracilis and Skeletonema marinoï were efficiently ingested (4.9–5.3 mg g^?1 h^?1) and absorbed (1.9–2.5 mg g^?1 h^?1) while Tetraselmis suecica led to the lowest physiological responses (0.36 and 0.12 mg g^?1 h^?1 respectively). When O. edulis were fed any microalgae except T‐ISO with only 79 mg g^?1, gonads accumulated carbohydrates from 116 to 141 mg g^?1 and the extent of accumulation depended on the species supplied in the order T. suecica<C. gracilis<S. marinoï. When oysters were fed either of the diatoms (C. gracilis or S. marinoï), an efficient transfer of 20:5(n‐3) to all tissues, including the gonads, was recorded while no enrichment in 22:6(n‐3) occurred in all tissues (polar fraction) when oysters were fed T‐ISO. In contrast (22:5(n‐6)), a characteristic fatty acid of T‐ISO accumulated in all tissues, confirming its allocation despite particularly low ingestion (1.66 mg g^?1 h^?1) and absorption (0.32 mg g^?1 h^?1). When oysters were fed C. gracilis or S. marinoï an efficient transfer of cholesterol and campesterol from diatoms to the gonads was observed, while no sterol accumulation occurred in the gonad when fed T. suecica. Because of low ingestion, absorption and poor biochemical compounds' transfer, T. suecica is not recommended for O. edulis conditioning. T‐ISO also exhibited low physiological performances but due to a specific 22:6(n‐3) enrichment in the gonad neutral fraction (16.1%), its potential role in reproduction should be considered. Chaetoceros gracilis is highly recommended for O. edulis broodstock while a source of DHA other than that provided by T‐ISO should be found due to its poor absorption. Because a mixed diet has been shown to be more efficient for O. edulis broodstock conditioning, complementary trials dealing with the effects of other species rich in 22:6(n‐3) such as Rhodomonas salina or Pavlova lutheri should be performed.     

Growth,partial energy balance,mantle and digestive gland lipid composition of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) fed with two artificial diets

Effects of two binders (gelatine and alginate) were tested on growth, survival, partial energy balance and lipid composition of mantle and digestive gland (DG) of Octopus vulgaris. The three diets tested were given as follows: CON, (Loligo gahi) as control, GEL, composed of squid paste (L. gahi) (300 g kg^?1), fish hydrolyse CPSP^® (100 g kg^?1) and fish meal (500 g kg^?1), agglutinated with 100 g kg^?1 of gelatine and ALG, composed of squid paste (L. gahi) (300 g kg^?1), fish hydrolyse CPSP^® (100 g kg^?1) and fish meal (500 g kg^?1), all agglutinated with 100 g kg^?1 of alginate. Growth rates were 13.7 ± 2.1, 2.1 ± 2.8 and ?2.4 ± 2.9 g kg^?1 bw day^?1, for octopuses fed CON, GEL and ALG diets, respectively. DGs of octopuses had higher concentrations of fatty acids (FA) than the mantle. DG of animals fed CON had higher concentrations of FAs than those fed the artificial diets. Energetic balance demonstrated that physiologically useful energy for maintenance E(B) was affected by type of diet, with negative values of E(B) in animals fed ALG and positive (85 and 154 kJ kg^?1 day^?1) in octopuses fed GEL and CON, respectively. The ALG diet did not cope with the physiological requirements for octopus growth.     

不同工艺制备的水产开口饵料溶失规律试验研究

为了比较不同工艺制备的水产开口饵料中不同成分的溶失规律,试验对挤出滚圆法、挤出滚圆-流化床包衣法及膨化破碎法制备的饵料进行了质量损失率、粗蛋白溶失率、游离氨基酸(FAA)溶失率的比较研究,结果表明:膨化破碎工艺制备的开口饵料质量损失率、粗蛋白的溶失率和游离氨基酸的溶失率均高于挤出滚圆工艺;包衣没有明显改善饵料的溶失情况;游离氨基酸的溶失速度非常快,入水初期几乎全部溶失(5 min内溶失率就达到53.54%～91.71%)。     

纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮酶解效果的研究

通过使用不同添加量饲用纤维素复合酶在不同时间预消化处理小麦日粮,研究饲用纤维素复合酶添加量对小麦日粮酶解效果的影响。试验结果表明：添加饲用纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮的酶解率、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维有影响,但并不是饲用纤维素复合酶的添加量越高作用效果越明显。在36h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量在0．2‰水平下,酶解效果最好,与添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;在12h、48h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。0．2‰水平的相比,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Effects of Sodium and Calcium on Acute Toxicity of Un-ionized Ammonia to Atlantic Salmon and Lake Trout

Acute, static 6-hour toxicity tests were conducted on two sizes each of lake trout and Atlantic salmon in the presence of three levels each of NaCl and CaCl₂. Calcium did not protect smolts from NH₃ toxicity but had no effect on the tolerance of Atlantic salmon fry to NH₃. Both cations increased the tolerance of 8-g lake trout fingerlings to NH₃, but neither significantly affected the toxicity of NH₃ to 0.9-g lake trout fry. These results suggest that the mitigating effects of solution cations of NH₃ toxicity may be related to species, size, and life stage.     

Lethal Effects of Elevated pH and Ammonia on Early Life Stages of Hybrid Striped Bass

Hybrid striped bass larvae (striped bass, Morone saxatilis, ♀ x white bass, M. chrysops, ♂) are often stocked into fertile culture ponds. High rates of photosynthesis may result in elevated pH which can be lethal to fry and can affect the toxicity of ammonia. Six-hour static toxicity tests were performed on hybrid larvae of various ages to determine the toxicity of elevated pH and the effects of elevated pH on ammonia toxicity. Six-hour mortality threshold pH's with no measurable ammonia were estimated for various age larvae and found to be between pH's 9.8 and 10.2 for D2 (Dl is day of hatch), between 9.0 and 9.4 for D4, between 8.8 and 9.2 for D13, and between 9.2 and 9.4 for D20 fish. The addition of 0.7% NaCl had no effect on the toxicity of elevated pH to D2 or D4 fish but caused a significant reduction in the mortality of Dl3 and D20 fish exposed to high pH. The tolerance to elevated pH decreased as ammonia concentration increased. Sub-lethal un-ionized ammonia concentrations increased the toxicity of elevated pH, suggesting an interaction of pH and un-ionized ammonia toxicity.     

Effects of Oxygen Supplementation on Lake Trout Brood Stock

This study was conducted to determine the effects of oxygen supplementation and nitrogen supersaturation on the fecundity and performance of Lewis Lake strain lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, brood stock. Performance of brood fish held in water supersaturated with oxygen was compared to that of controls raised at or below 100% saturation for 334 days. Incoming water averaged 78.4% saturation in the morning; the addition of oxygen increased saturation to 104.6%. As a result, average morning nitrogen saturation was reduced from 105.7% to 100.9%. In oxygen-supplemented water, peak daily oxygen saturation averged 129.0% in the afternoon. At this saturation level, average nitrogen gas was reduced to 98.4% saturation. Total gas pressure never exceeded 109.1% with oxygen supplementation; however, nitrogen supersaturation reached 110% in raceways with no oxygen supplementation. Weight gain, feed conversion, egg survival, egg size, and number of eggs per female were not affected by increasing oxygen saturation.